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Data cleaning removes the observations containing noise and those with missing data. Data mining involves six common classes of tasks: [5].
Data mining can unintentionally be misused, producing results that appear to be significant but which do not actually predict future behavior and cannot be reproduced on a new sample of data, therefore bearing little use. This is sometimes caused by investigating too many hypotheses and not performing proper statistical hypothesis testing.
The final step of knowledge discovery from data is to verify that the patterns produced by the data mining algorithms occur in the wider data set. Not all patterns found by the algorithms are necessarily valid. It is common for data mining algorithms to find patterns in the training set which are not present in the general data set. This is called overfitting.
To overcome this, the evaluation uses a test set of data on which the data mining algorithm was not trained. The learned patterns are applied to this test set, and the resulting output is compared to the desired output. For example, a data mining algorithm trying to distinguish "spam" from "legitimate" e-mails would be trained on a training set of sample e-mails. Once trained, the learned patterns would be applied to the test set of e-mails on which it had not been trained.
The accuracy of the patterns can then be measured from how many e-mails they correctly classify. Several statistical methods may be used to evaluate the algorithm, such as ROC curves.
If the learned patterns do not meet the desired standards, it is necessary to re-evaluate and change the pre-processing and data mining steps. If the learned patterns do meet the desired standards, then the final step is to interpret the learned patterns and turn them into knowledge.
JDM 2. As the name suggests, it only covers prediction models, a particular data mining task of high importance to business applications.
However, extensions to cover for example subspace clustering have been proposed independently of the DMG. Data mining is used wherever there is digital data available today. Notable examples of data mining can be found throughout business, medicine, science, and surveillance.
While the term "data mining" itself may have no ethical implications, it is often associated with the mining of information in relation to user behavior ethical and otherwise. The ways in which data mining can be used can in some cases and contexts raise questions regarding privacy , legality, and ethics.
Data mining requires data preparation which uncovers information or patterns which compromise confidentiality and privacy obligations. A common way for this to occur is through data aggregation.
Data aggregation involves combining data together possibly from various sources in a way that facilitates analysis but that also might make identification of private, individual-level data deducible or otherwise apparent.
The threat to an individual's privacy comes into play when the data, once compiled, cause the data miner, or anyone who has access to the newly compiled data set, to be able to identify specific individuals, especially when the data were originally anonymous. It is recommended [ according to whom?
Data may also be modified so as to become anonymous, so that individuals may not readily be identified. The inadvertent revelation of personally identifiable information leading to the provider violates Fair Information Practices. This indiscretion can cause financial, emotional, or bodily harm to the indicated individual. In one instance of privacy violation , the patrons of Walgreens filed a lawsuit against the company in for selling prescription information to data mining companies who in turn provided the data to pharmaceutical companies.
Europe has rather strong privacy laws, and efforts are underway to further strengthen the rights of the consumers.
However, the U. Safe Harbor Principles , developed between and , currently effectively expose European users to privacy exploitation by U. As a consequence of Edward Snowden 's global surveillance disclosure , there has been increased discussion to revoke this agreement, as in particular the data will be fully exposed to the National Security Agency , and attempts to reach an agreement with the United States have failed.
In the United Kingdom in particular there have been cases of corporations using data mining as a way to target certain groups of customers forcing them to pay unfairly high prices. These groups tend to be people of lower socio-economic status who are not savvy to the ways they can be exploited in digital market places. The HIPAA requires individuals to give their "informed consent" regarding information they provide and its intended present and future uses. More importantly, the rule's goal of protection through informed consent is approach a level of incomprehensibility to average individuals.
The use of data mining by the majority of businesses in the U. Under European copyright and database laws , the mining of in-copyright works such as by web mining without the permission of the copyright owner is not legal.
Where a database is pure data in Europe, it may be that there is no copyright—but database rights may exist so data mining becomes subject to intellectual property owners' rights that are protected by the Database Directive. On the recommendation of the Hargreaves review , this led to the UK government to amend its copyright law in to allow content mining as a limitation and exception. However, due to the restriction of the Information Society Directive , the UK exception only allows content mining for non-commercial purposes.
UK copyright law also does not allow this provision to be overridden by contractual terms and conditions. Since also Switzerland has been regulating data mining by allowing it in the research field under certain conditions laid down by art. Start now.
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Best Value. Data Grid. DirectX Hardware Acceleration. Rich Text Editor. Access includes table-level triggers and stored procedures built into the ACE data engine.
Thus a Client-server database system is not a requirement for using stored procedures or table triggers with Access Tables, queries, forms, reports and macros can now be developed specifically for web based applications in Access Integration with Microsoft SharePoint is also highly improved. The edition of Microsoft Access introduced a mostly flat design and the ability to install apps from the Office Store, but it did not introduce new features.
The theme was partially updated again for , but no dark theme was created for Access. NET web forms can query a Microsoft Access database, retrieve records and display them on the browser. SharePoint Server via Access Services allows for Access databases to be published to SharePoint, thus enabling multiple users to interact with the database application from any standards-compliant Web browser. Access Web databases published to SharePoint Server can use standard objects such as tables, queries, forms, macros, and reports.
Access Services stores those objects in SharePoint. Access offers the ability to publish Access web solutions on SharePoint The macro language is enhanced to support more sophisticated programming logic and database level automation. Microsoft Access can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.
Microsoft offers free runtime versions of Microsoft Access which allow users to run an Access desktop application without needing to purchase or install a retail version of Microsoft Access. This actually allows Access developers to create databases that can be freely distributed to an unlimited number of end-users. These runtime versions of Access and later can be downloaded for free from Microsoft. The runtime version allows users to view, edit and delete data, along with running queries, forms, reports, macros and VBA module code.
The runtime version does not allow users to change the design of Microsoft Access tables, queries, forms, reports, macros or module code. The runtime versions are similar to their corresponding full version of Access and usually compatible with earlier versions; for example Access Runtime allows a user to run an Access application made with the version as well as through Due to deprecated features in Access , its runtime version is also unable to support those older features.
Access stores all database tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules in the Access Jet database as a single file. For query development, Access offers a "Query Designer", a graphical user interface that allows users to build queries without knowledge of structured query language.
In the Query Designer, users can "show" the datasources of the query which can be tables or queries and select the fields they want returned by clicking and dragging them into the grid. One can set up joins by clicking and dragging fields in tables to fields in other tables.
Access allows users to view and manipulate the SQL code if desired. Any Access table, including linked tables from different data sources, can be used in a query. Access also supports the creation of "pass-through queries". This enables users to interact with data stored outside the Access program without using linked tables or Jet. When developing reports in "Design View" additions or changes to controls cause any linked queries to execute in the background and the designer is forced to wait for records to be returned before being able to make another change.
This feature cannot be turned off. Non-programmers can use the macro feature to automate simple tasks through a series of drop-down selections. Macros allow users to easily chain commands together such as running queries, importing or exporting data, opening and closing forms, previewing and printing reports, etc.
Macros support basic logic IF-conditions and the ability to call other macros. Macros can also contain sub-macros which are similar to subroutines. In Access , enhanced macros included error-handling and support for temporary variables. Access also introduced embedded macros that are essentially properties of an object's event. This eliminated the need to store macros as individual objects. However, macros were limited in their functionality by a lack of programming loops and advanced coding logic until Access With significant further enhancements introduced in Access , the capabilities of macros became fully comparable to VBA.
They made feature rich web-based application deployments practical, via a greatly enhanced Microsoft SharePoint interface and tools, as well as on traditional Windows desktops. It is similar to Visual Basic 6. To create a richer, more efficient and maintainable finished product with good error handling, most professional Access applications are developed using the VBA programming language rather than macros, except where web deployment is a business requirement. In the database container or navigation pane in Access and later versions, the system automatically categorizes each object by type e.
Many Access developers use the Leszynski naming convention , though this is not universal; it is a programming convention, not a DBMS-enforced rule. Developers deploy Microsoft Access most often for individual and workgroup projects the Access 97 speed characterization was done for 32 users.
Databases under 1 GB in size which can now fit entirely in RAM and simultaneous users are well within the capabilities of Microsoft Access. Disk-intensive work such as complex searching and querying take the most time. As data from a Microsoft Access database can be cached in RAM, processing speed may substantially improve when there is only a single user or if the data is not changing. In the past, the effect of packet latency on the record-locking system caused Access databases to run slowly on a virtual private network VPN or a wide area network WAN against a Jet database.
As of , [update] broadband connections have mitigated this issue. Performance can also be enhanced if a continuous connection is maintained to the back-end database throughout the session rather than opening and closing it for each table access. In July , Microsoft acknowledged an intermittent query performance problem with all versions of Access and Windows 7 and Windows Server R2 due to the nature of resource management being vastly different in newer operating systems.
In earlier versions of Microsoft Access, the ability to distribute applications required the purchase of the Developer Toolkit; in Access , and Access the "Runtime Only" version is offered as a free download, [44] making the distribution of royalty-free applications possible on Windows XP, Vista, 7 and Windows 8.
Microsoft Access applications can adopt a split-database architecture. The single database can be divided into a separate "back-end" file that contains the data tables shared on a file server and a "front-end" containing the application's objects such as queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules.
The "front-end" Access application is distributed to each user's desktop and linked to the shared database. Using this approach, each user has a copy of Microsoft Access or the runtime version installed on their machine along with their application database.
This reduces network traffic since the application is not retrieved for each use. The "front-end" database can still contain local tables for storing a user's settings or temporary data.
This split-database design also allows development of the application independent of the data. One disadvantage is that users may make various changes to their own local copy of the application and this makes it hard to manage version control. When a new version is ready, the front-end database is replaced without impacting the data database. Microsoft Access has two built-in utilities, Database Splitter [46] and Linked Table Manager, to facilitate this architecture.
Linked tables in Access use absolute paths rather than relative paths, so the development environment either has to have the same path as the production environment or a "dynamic-linker" routine can be written in VBA. For very large Access databases, this may have performance issues and a SQL backend should be considered in these circumstances.
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